Consequently, even though the mistreatment of women in ISIS does not need further analysis, women were recruited both willingly and unwillingly, which shows women’s agency and the lack of it respectively and depending the case. Therefore, despite ISIS’ treatment of women, which has placed the organisation among the world’s worst perpetrators of gender-based violence, women support the organisation through various roles, from simply being wives and mothers of ISIS fighters or even by recruiting new members to participate in the jihad, in a struggle against non-believers and a moral betterment against one’s sinful proclivities. Despite the reasons behind women’s decisions to join the terrorist organisation, their roles have been underexamined in the literature, especially the ones concerning the combat operations. For the above reasons, some women travelled to Iraq and Syria to get involved romantically with ISIS members. Since its zenith in 2014, women have joined ISIS for the same reason that men decide to get involved: attraction of a new, noble cause to fight for and sentiment of inequality and marginalisation in their current societies. More precisely, up until 2019, when ISIS lost its last piece of territory, many women travelled to join ISIS despite its exceptional violence against women. In the case of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), the role of women changed from being wives and mothers of the fighters to more combatting roles out of operational necessity due to its territorial losses, or as Rita Katz mentions, “How Do We Know ISIS is Losing? Now it’s asking women to fight”. For instance, in leftist organisations, women tend to hold more operational positions than in Islamist organisations, where their participation tends to be more about being a wife, a mother, a proselytiser, and a teacher. Ideology tends to have an effect on the roles women can hold in each organisation. Such roles vary from logistics support to espionage, giving birth to a new generation of fighters, and sometimes operational and leadership positions. However, women have held a variety of roles in terrorist organisations. In much of the academic discourse on terrorism, the role of women tends to be overlooked. However, cyber terrorists are not different from other terrorists: no matter where they hide, we will track them and try to bring them to justice”.By Christina Chatzitheodorou Photo by Levi Meir Clancy on Unsplash In the words of the prosecutor, “cyber terrorism has become an increasingly frequent and serious threat in the United States, both for individuals and businesses. Here is the statement of Hussain which include, “We are in your emails and computer systems, watching and recording your every move, we have your names and addresses, we are in your emails and social media accounts, we are extracting confidential data and passing on your personal information to the soldiers of the Khilafah, who soon with the permission of Allah will strike at your necks in your own lands”.Įarlier the 21-year-old hacker, Ardit Ferizi had also worked as a leader of the KHS (Kosova Hacker’s Security), which is a hacking group who hacked many government sites including the Greek Ministry of Education, the Presidency of Macedonia, Thrace (DAMT) and even the Greek Decentralized Administration of Macedonia. Junaid Hussain, who was a British jihadi and considered to be the leader as well as the creator of a group of ISIS hackers better known as the Islamic State Hacking Division (ISHD), exposed the names and personal data of 100 US service member’s families online. Shortly after, the ‘Division Hacking the Islamic State’ published on Twitter a document of 30 pages with threats to ‘cross’ (Western), in which part of personal data (names, addresses, email passwords included, phone numbers, etc) stolen by Ferizi, with the aim that they were used by “soldiers of the Caliphate” for attacks.
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